James recently received a secret message from Martha containing an order for custom services. He would like to be able to prove that Martha sent the message and that is could not be forged. What cryptographic goal is James attempting to achieve?

James recently received a secret message from Martha containing an order for custom services. He would like to be able to prove that Martha sent the message and that is could not be forged. What cryptographic goal is James attempting to achieve?


a. Confidentiality
b. Nonrepudiation
c. Security though obscurity
d. Integrity
e. Authentication


Answer: b. Nonrepudiation


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